Trade structure by partner

by · June 4, 2021


Map 1. Main world import flows, 2022
(Billions of United States dollars)
Notes: Economies with one bilateral import higher than $125 billion are shown in the default selection.

Main global trade patterns

The world’s largest bilateral flows of merchandise trade run between China and the United States of America, and between their respective neighbouring economies. In 2022, goods worth $576 billion were imported by the United States from China and $179 billion by China from the United States. China’s trade – exports and imports – with Hong Kong (China), Japan, Taiwan Province of China, and the Republic of Korea totalled $1.47 trillion. The United States’ trade with Mexico and Canada was worth $1.59 trillion.

Intra-regional trade was most pronounced in Europe and Asia. In 2022, 68 per cent of all European exports were to trading partners on the same continent. In Asia, this rate was 59 per cent. By contrast, in Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and Northern America, the main trade partners were extra-regional.

Figure 1. Intra- and extra-regional exports, 2022
(Percentage of total exports)

Trade within and between ‘hemispheres’

Figure 2. Global trade flows, 2022
Note: North refers to developed economies, South to developing economies. Trade is measured from the export side. Deliveries to ship stores and bunkers as well as minor and special-category exports with unspecified destination are not included.
In 2022, goods worth $9.5 trillion were exchanged between developed economies (North-North trade), whereas merchandise trade among developing economies (South-South trade) amounted to $6.1 trillion. Exports from developed to developing economies and vice-versa (North-South, and South-North trade) totaled $8.9 trillion. Thus, for developed economies, trade with developing economies was slightly less important than trade within their own group.

With whom do developing economies mainly trade?

In 2022, developing economies shipped most of their exports to the United States of America ($1.8 trillion), followed by China ($1.4 trillion) and other Asian economies. In terms of imports, China ranked number one ($1.7 trillion) and was followed by the United States of America ($1.1 trillion) and the Republic of Korea ($0.5 trillion).

Exports from American developing economies were mainly oriented towards the United States of America ($589 billion). China came second ($186 billion) at some distance. For African developing economies, main export market was China ($101 billion). Italy ($46 billion), India ($42 billion) and Spain ($39 billion) were the other main destinations.

Figure 3. Developing economies’ main export destinations, 2022
(Billions of United States dollars)

Concepts and definitions

Intra-trade is the trade between economies belonging to the same group. Extra-trade is the trade of economies of the same group with all economies outside the group. It represents the difference between a group’s total trade and intra-trade.

The exports from an economy A to an economy B, recorded FOB, do not exactly equal the imports of economy B from economy A, recorded CIF. The reasons for these trade asymmetries include: a conceptual difference between exporting economy and country of origin; different times of recording for exports and imports; different treatment of transit trade; underreporting; measurement errors; mispricing and mis-invoicing.

The exports to (imports from) all economies of the world do not always exactly add up to total exports (imports). The difference is caused by ship stores, bunkers and other exports of minor importance.

Summary tables

Table 1. Exports by origin and destination, 2022
(Billions of United States dollars)
Note: Percentage of exports to the whole world in parentheses.

    Table 2. Exports by origin and destination, selected years
    (Billions of United States dollars)
    Table 3. Top destinations of developing economies’ exports
    Table 4. Top origins of developing economies’ imports